{"id":9294,"date":"2026-06-22T15:32:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T22:32:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=9294"},"modified":"2026-06-22T15:32:28","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T22:32:28","slug":"wwii-prison-camp-recorder-the-peter-richards-story-by-martin-meadows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=9294","title":{"rendered":"WWII Prison Camp Recorder: The Peter Richards Story, by Martin Meadows"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"9266\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9266#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?fit=760%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"760,1024\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1599122884&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-09\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC 1945 Liberation Bulletin&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?fit=223%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?fit=640%2C862&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?resize=640%2C862&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC 1945 Liberation Bulletin\" width=\"640\" height=\"862\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?w=760&amp;ssl=1 760w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-09.jpg?resize=223%2C300&amp;ssl=1 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>I. Introduction<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  During World War II (WWII), thousands of American and Allied nation civilians endured more than three years of imprisonment (1942-1945) by the Japanese Empire in Manila\u2019s Santo Tomas Internment Camp (STIC), among others. \u00a0Many former internees \u2014 and others as well \u2014 have produced numerous works about their experiences. \u00a0Using conventional terminology, those works can be divided into two categories, primary and secondary. \u00a0Very briefly, primary sources are original materials by those who personally experienced certain events; while secondary sources are based on studies of primary sources, however defined. \u00a0The distinction will vary, of course, depending on the nature of a given project.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Identifying the primary works written about STIC is a relatively simple task. \u00a0Indisputably they would include \u2014 and perhaps even be limited to \u2014\u00a0the three books that likely most, if not all, STIC alumni, and others interested in STIC history, would select as indispensable works. \u00a0Those three books and their authors comprise a Big Three hallowed within the STIC community. \u00a0Listed in alphabetical order of their authors, they are:\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A. V. H. Hartendorp,\u00a0<em>The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines,\u00a0<\/em>two volumes (1967); abridged version published as\u00a0<em>The Santo Tomas Story\u00a0<\/em>(1964)<\/li>\n<li>James E. McCall,\u00a0<em>Santo Tomas Internment Camp: STIC in Verse and Reverse \u2014 STIC-Toons and\u00a0STIC-tistics<\/em>\u00a0(1945)<\/li>\n<li>Frederic H. Stevens,\u00a0<em>Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 1942-1945<\/em>\u00a0(1946)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n  While I would not necessarily claim that any other publication\u00a0qualifies as a primary source, in my opinion there<em>\u00a0is<\/em>\u00a0one work that unquestionably merits special attention. \u00a0This is not to say that it has been overlooked or neglected, but it has never been viewed as even remotely comparable to the Big Three books. \u00a0Clearly that is because it is not a conventional (non-digital) book; rather, counting its front &amp; back pages, it is only a humble ten-page mimeographed pamphlet \u2014\u00a0or brochure, to use a fancier term. \u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Nonetheless, I believe that pamphlet could well be regarded as a major secondary source, if not the equivalent of a semi-primary source (to coin a phrase). \u00a0That possibility could be inferred just from its title and its publication date. \u00a0That and related identification appear on the title (or cover) page\u00a0as follows:\u00a0The Liberation Bulletin of Philippine Internment Camp No. 1 at Santo Tomas University Manila, Philippines February 3rd, 1945. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Three aspects of the title page are worth pointing out. \u00a0One is the significance of the date, which\u00a0is annually observed by the STIC community as Liberation Day. \u00a0Second, the un-italicized title will instead be italicized herein, as befits a published work:\u00a0<em>The Liberation Bulletin<\/em>. \u00a0And third, the author\u2019s name, Peter Richards, is\u00a0<em>barely<\/em>\u00a0noticeable (if you squint while searching for it) at the bottom of the title page.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  That third fact helps explain Richards&#8217; virtual anonymity within the STIC community. \u00a0Much more of a factor is that Richards himself, though not a recluse, definitely was not a publicity-seeker; he consistently avoided the limelight. \u00a0As one result, there are absolutely no photos of him to be found on the internet, except for one group photo \u2014\u00a0and even there, he is partially obscured. \u00a0This chronicle seeks to ameliorate, if not reverse, that lamentable situation.\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9238\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9238\" data-attachment-id=\"9238\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9238#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?fit=1024%2C626&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,626\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-01\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Peter Richards (third from end on the right)\u00a0with the staff of the Manila Chronicle 1955&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Peter Richards (third from end on the right)\u00a0with the staff of the Manila Chronicle 1955&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?fit=300%2C183&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?fit=640%2C391&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?resize=640%2C391&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Peter Richards (third from end on the right)\u00a0with the staff of the Manila Chronicle 1955\" width=\"640\" height=\"391\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?resize=300%2C183&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-01.jpg?resize=768%2C470&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9238\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Richards (third from end on the right)\u00a0with the staff of the Manila Chronicle 1955<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\n  Regardless of how it is categorized,\u00a0<em>The<\/em>\u00a0<em>Liberation Bulletin \u2014\u00a0<\/em>hereafter cited simply as the<em>\u00a0Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 is a significant work in at least three senses. \u00a0The most obvious one is that it is the creation of an individual who, like the Big Three authors, was also a STIC internee (though he was decades younger, and was English rather than American). \u00a0Second, the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0provides, in one handy site, basic information about the Camp and its inmates that is not always conveniently available elsewhere. \u00a0Finally, and in this case uniquely, it is distinctively linked with Liberation Day, by far the most significant date in STIC history, as will be shown in due course. \u00a0 \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>SIDEBAR.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Should my high opinion of the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0be unconvincing, perhaps a judgment of the<em>\u00a0Bulletin\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0financial value would help support it. \u00a0To be specific, a November 2025 notice on the site of well-known bookseller AbeBooks stated that a\u00a0<em>used<\/em>\u00a0copy of the<em>\u00a0Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0was for sale for 1,000 pounds (plus shipping). \u00a0A\u00a0check of that same site in April 2026 indicated that its copy of the\u00a0Bulletin\u00a0(clearly the same one) was still listed at the same price (this time its equivalent in U.S. dollars, plus shipping). \u00a0However the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0is ranked by STIC devotees, therefore, presumably relatively impartial observers judge it\u00a0to be of considerable monetary significance.\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  This is how the AbeBooks site described the\u00a0<em>Bulletin: \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  About this Item: First and only edition. Illustrated title-page, improvised adverts as well as a plan of the camp. Stapled A4 sheets, light staining, browning, folding marks, and marginal wear to last leaves. 8pp. Manila, February 3rd. \u00a0From January 1942 to February 1945 Manila&#8217;s Santo Tomas University was converted into an internment camp that held more than 3,000 civilians. The present pamphlet was printed shortly after liberation. It contains a plan of the camp, a chronology of events, and statistical information about the prisoners. &#8220;Published and edited by Peter C. Richards. Reproduced on the Gestetner duplicator, which, without breakdown, worked every day throughout it&#8217;s internment&#8221;. Includes improvised adverts for General Electric, Mobil Oil, Chesterfield cigarettes (they satisfy), Globe Wireless Ltd., and the Cardinal Insurance Company. \u00a0Rare. Only one copy in OCLC (US Army War College).\n<\/p>\n<p><strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n  Used<br \/>\n  \u00a3 1,000 [about $1,300 USD]<br \/>\n  \u00a3 27 shipping from United Kingdom to U.S.A.<br \/>\n  Quantity:\u00a01 available<br \/>\n<\/strong>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n  Whatever standard is used to evaluate the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>, its significance<em>\u00a0<\/em>cannot be fully appreciated\u00a0on its own, as simply another publication. \u00a0It is best understood in terms of both\u00a0<em>who<\/em>\u00a0produced it as well as\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><em>how<\/em>\u00a0it was produced; moreover, the latter factor includes its production not only intellectually but also physically. \u00a0While the pamphlet&#8217;s<em>\u00a0creation<\/em>\u00a0has been far from unknown, its\u00a0<em>creator<\/em>\u00a0has been rarely if ever cited or mentioned in works about STIC. \u00a0The objectives of this survey are to enhance recognition of, and thereby appreciation for, both creator and creation. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  This will be done\u00a0via coverage of three twentieth-century time periods: (1) in Part II, the pre-WWII lives of\u00a0<em>Bulletin\u00a0<\/em>creator\u00a0Peter Richards and his wife, Dolores Richards (co-producer of the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>, as detailed later); (2) in Part III, the Richards&#8217; three-plus years in STIC, including in particular a description of their efforts to publish the\u00a0<em>Bulletin;<\/em>\u00a0and (3) in Part IV, a brief summary of their post-WWII histories. \u00a0Part V is entirely on Richards\u2019 own account \u2014\u00a0not presented publicly until 1985 \u2014\u00a0of the 3 February 1945 liberation of STIC.\u00a0\u00a0Finally, Part VI presents a brief conclusion\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>II. The pre-WWII years<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Peter Clifton Richards OBE (1909-1992) was born in Streatham, Surrey, on 25 September 1909. \u00a0His parents were Herbert Arthur Richards CBE and Elsie Stainton Richards. \u00a0His father was in the British Consular Service (equivalent to the U.S. Foreign Service) and was posted at such locations as Iran, Ivory Coast, (Commissioner for) the South Pacific, Peru, and the U.S. (Chicago). \u00a0As a result, by the time Peter was five years old he already had traveled around the world. \u00a0He was born in England only because his mother had returned to give birth there from the Ivory Coast, where his father was stationed at the time. \u00a0(As an interesting sidelight, Richards at one point [in the Peter Richards Collection] mentions that his parents had escaped from France in 1940.) \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  <div id=\"attachment_9272\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9272\" data-attachment-id=\"9272\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9272#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?fit=1024%2C708&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,708\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-11\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Entire Sherborne class photo, 1960s&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Entire Sherborne class photo, 1960s&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?fit=300%2C207&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?fit=640%2C443&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?resize=300%2C207&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Entire Sherborne class photo, 1960s\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?resize=300%2C207&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?resize=768%2C531&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-11.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9272\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entire Sherborne class photo, 1960s<\/p><\/div>In 1919 Richards enrolled at Sherborne Preparatory School, in the town of Sherborne, Dorset, on the southwest coast of the U.K. \u00a0In 1923 he entered Sherborne School, an independent boarding school for boys that is known as the oldest school in Britain. \u00a0(It is worth noting that the school was founded in the year 705, was re-founded in 1550, and its A-level results placed it in the top 1% of all English schools as of 2016.) According to the school\u2019s \u201cOld Shirburnian Society Archives,\u201d Richards resided at the Sherborne School\u2019s Abbey House during 1923-1927.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Upon completing his education in 1927, Richards\u00a0joined the Anglo-South American Bank; so,\u00a0by the time he was 18 he was in his first full-time job. \u00a0While in that position he was posted to Spain \u2014 to Barcelona in 1931 and to Valencia in 1934. \u00a0Thus he was a Spanish-speaker by the time he resigned from his job one year later. \u00a0(Actually, by then Richards already was an accomplished linguist, because while in school he had taken, by his own account,\u00a0quite a few years of several languages, as will be recounted later.)\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  <div id=\"attachment_9246\" style=\"width: 256px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9246\" data-attachment-id=\"9246\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9246#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?fit=960%2C1170&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"960,1170\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-03\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;a Gestetner duplicator (pre-WWII vintage, not necessarily the same as the one in STIC)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;a Gestetner duplicator (pre-WWII vintage, not necessarily the same as the one in STIC)&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?fit=246%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?fit=640%2C780&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?resize=246%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"a Gestetner duplicator (pre-WWII vintage, not necessarily the same as the one in STIC)\" width=\"246\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?resize=246%2C300&amp;ssl=1 246w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?resize=840%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 840w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?resize=768%2C936&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-03.jpg?w=960&amp;ssl=1 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 246px) 100vw, 246px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">a Gestetner duplicator (pre-WWII vintage, not necessarily the same as the one in STIC)<\/p><\/div>Richards then moved from the banking business to a very different field. \u00a0In 1935 he joined D. Gestetner Ltd., well-known maker of widely-used duplicating machines. \u00a0He was with Gestetner for two years, a period that proved to be extremely significant for his future years in STIC. \u00a0That was partly because Richards learned how to operate, and care for, Gestetner duplicators \u2014 knowledge that proved to be invaluable during WWII. \u00a0At least equally important was where the company posted him. \u00a0Initially, it was to the U.K.; then it was to Singapore in 1936; and finally he was sent to Manila in 1937, where the most important events of his life were to occur. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  In Manila in 1937, Richards again changed jobs, transferring from Gestetner to Smith Bell &amp; Company, a well-known firm which had been in the Philippines since 1838. \u00a0Its activities were quite diversified \u2014 import-export, commercial, industrial, insurance, etc. \u00a0Richards\u2019 bio does not specify the nature of his job; however, the answer likely is provided by an official document that I found. \u00a0According to a Philippine government report, as of 1937 Richards was an agent of the Crown Life Insurance Company. \u00a0[\u201cAnnual Report of the Treasurer of the Philippines\u201d for fiscal 1937, Part II]\u00a0\u00a0 Since Smith Bell acted as agents for a variety of companies, Crown Life no doubt was one of them. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  <div id=\"attachment_9248\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9248\" data-attachment-id=\"9248\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9248#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?fit=352%2C481&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"352,481\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-04\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Portrait taken from her immigration card in Brazil, 1960&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Portrait taken from her immigration card in Brazil, 1960&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?fit=220%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?fit=352%2C481&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?resize=220%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Dolores Richards in 1960\" width=\"220\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?resize=220%2C300&amp;ssl=1 220w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-04.jpg?w=352&amp;ssl=1 352w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dolores Richards 1960 Brazilian visa photo<\/p><\/div>Richards was with Smith Bell in Manila when he met his future wife, whom he married in 1939. \u00a0At this point, therefore, we turn our attention to her. \u00a0Unfortunately, there is not much information about her to be found online, apart from the bare essentials. Her official birth name was Dolores Beltran de Lis Opisso. (Richards uses a different name order \u2014 Dolores Opisso y Beltran de Lis [as found in the Peter Richards Collection].) \u00a0She was born in Manila on 21 September 1908, to a wealthy family of Spanish descent.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  However, in a common practice among long-time Spanish residents in the islands, the family held Philippine citizenship (as did Dolores). \u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Dolores\u2019 father was lawyer and businessman Don Antonio Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Alfredo Nicol\u00e1s Mar\u00eda Opisso y Icaza. \u00a0He was born in Manila in 1880 and died in Madrid in 1953. \u00a0Her mother, Isabel Beltr\u00e1n de Lis, was born in Madrid in 1884 and died in Washington, D.C., in 1912, when Dolores was only three years old. \u00a0Her father remarried, and eventually had a total of seven children, counting Dolores; it was not an uncommonly large family, given the time and the place. \u00a0Dolores was a Filipino citizen until she married Richards, when she assumed British citizenship. \u00a0She died in 1988.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  And that is all I could find online about Dolores Opisso Richards. \u00a0However, I can add two more facts, both derived from personal knowledge. \u00a0The first point is a minor one \u2014 namely, that while her given name was Dolores, in STIC (and likely elsewhere) she was known as Dolly.\u00a0\u00a0Second,\u00a0and considerably more important, Peter and Dolores Richards never had any children. \u00a0And now to conclude with some online information \u2014 Dolores\u00a0Richards died\u00a0in Manila on 16 August 1988, preceding her husband\u2019s death, also in Manila, by four years. \u00a0That ends coverage of the Richards\u2019 lives prior to WWII.\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>[Note.<\/strong>\u00a0 My cited personal knowledge\u00a0stems from the fact that the Richards and the Meadows families were good friends in STIC, and long after WWII as well \u2014 a friendship that continued even after my parents left Manila in 1982 (as described later). \u00a0I do not know whether the friendship predated WWII.]\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>III. \u00a0WWII: STIC and the\u00a0<em>Liberation Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  WWII reached the Philippines on 8 December 1941 (customary reminder: December 7 in the U.S.), and the Imperial Japanese Army entered Manila barely three weeks later, on 2 January 1942. \u00a0Shortly thereafter, Richards lost his job with Smith Bell (which was quickly shuttered), and he and his wife, being British citizens, were interned in STIC, along with several thousand others regarded by the Nipponese as enemy aliens \u2014 citizens of countries at war against Japan. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Not long after STIC opened on 4 January 1942, its prisoners had completely organized the operations of the Camp \u2014 of course with the approval and under the supervision of their Nipponese captors. \u00a0Without going into detail, suffice it to say that each adult internee was assigned a specific task to perform. \u00a0Peter Richards quickly became involved in two key aspects of Camp life \u2014 education, and Camp news and information. \u00a0(The task that his wife was assigned is not known for sure, but my recollection is that, like my mother and many other women, she was assigned to one of the several vegetable-peeling squads.)\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  The topic of education can be summarized quickly and easily, both in general and with regard to Peter Richards\u2019 role. \u00a0A complete educational system was organized, at first primarily for the Camp\u2019s 600-700 school-age children, but in time also for adults. \u00a0The system worked well, thanks mainly to the fact that numerous educators \u2014\u00a0teachers and professors from Philippine schools and universities \u2014\u00a0had been interned. \u00a0Richards had no experience as a teacher, but he knew Spanish well, and he was recruited to teach beginning Spanish. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  As for Richards&#8217; activities on the information front, that was a natural, as a result of his pre-war employment with the Gestetner company in the 1930s. \u00a0The importance of his experience with Gestetner duplicators cannot be overstated. \u00a0One source summarizes the situation that confronted the prisoners when they were interned, and by implication emphasizes Richards\u2019 role, as follows.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><ul>\nOn January 24, 1942, less than three weeks after the internment camp was established, the first issue of<em>\u00a0Internews<\/em>, a news sheet, was published. It was a two-page back-to-back mimeographed publication on legal-sized newsprint. The demand for information was so great and took a considerable amount of time and energy of the executive committee that it decided that a newspaper was the best way to disseminate information quickly and efficiently and to avoid the circulation of rumors. \u00a0[Galang, n.p., also citing Enriquez, p. 10; italics added]\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"9262\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9262#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?fit=678%2C910&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"678,910\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-08\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Internews issue&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?fit=224%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?fit=640%2C859&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?resize=224%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Internews issue\" width=\"224\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-9262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?resize=224%2C300&amp;ssl=1 224w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-08.jpg?w=678&amp;ssl=1 678w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 224px) 100vw, 224px\" \/><\/a><em>Internews<\/em>\u00a0was but one of several regularly scheduled publications that Richards helped to make available to the internees, along with many other kinds of material, both \u201cofficial\u201d and unofficial. \u00a0All served to keep the inmates informed, bolster their often sagging morale, and provide a (censored) connection to the outside world. \u00a0Richards was a vital cog in the team of internees that kept the Camp informed and entertained.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Interestingly, Richards\u2019 expertise as a publicist also contributed to his role as a teacher, thanks once again to his familiarity with the Gestetner duplicating machine. \u00a0At this point it would be appropriate, possibly even helpful, to explain how such a duplicator worked \u2014 namely,\u00a0by forcing ink through a stencil wrapped around an inked drum onto paper to create a mimeograph, in a process called mimeography. \u00a0(A stencil, in this instance, is a thin sheet of paper with letters cut from it, used to produce the letters on an underlying surface by applying ink through those cut-out letters.)\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  How Richards&#8217; two STIC responsibilities were intertwined has been described in a publication of the Sherborne School, which he had attended in the 1920s. \u00a0(All four of the following indented quotations are from the same source, which is cited only at the end of the last of the four quotations.)\n<\/p>\n<p><ul>\n  \u201cPeter was also in charge of the camp\u2019s Gestetner duplicator on which he had to produce all the camp orders, regulations and forms, and which was kept on the Commandant\u2019s desk to ensure he did not print any anti-Japanese propaganda. Using the duplicator Peter ingeniously produced a guide to Spanish grammar for the use of his students. He later described the process:\n<\/p>\n<p><em>\u2018I had no problems with the grammar. I had had twelve years of French, ten of Latin, eight of Greek, and within the decade I had learnt to make Spanish my major working language, with Flemish and Catalan as side dishes. Now the mechanics of production gave me no difficulties. I had trained in Gestetner\u2019s factory and had sold Gestetners successfully all over East Anglia, Devon, Cornwall, Malaya, Singapore and the Philippine Islands.\u2019 \u201d\u00a0<\/em>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  That same account, taken from\u00a0<em>The Old Shirburnian Society Archives,\u00a0<\/em>continues with specific reference to the creation of\u00a0<em>The Liberation Bulletin. \u00a0<\/em>It\u00a0starts with a direct quotation from Peter Richards (italicized), followed by the publication\u2019s own description of how the\u00a0<em>Bulletin\u00a0<\/em>was laboriously produced\u00a0on a pre-war, lovingly maintained Gestetner mimeograph machine. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<p><em>\u201c \u2018I did my own typing and designed my own layouts. Nobody knew better how the work had to be done in order to produce the perfect booklet.\u00a0The resulting booklet (paper unintentionally with the compliments of the Japanese and of the University, stencils with the compliments of the Gestetner Office which was still operating in Manila as the property of Ludwig Sternberg, an Austrian refugee) was all my own work, including the cover drawing.\u2019 \u201d<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  \u201cIt was using this duplicator that on the 3rd February 1945, while the Americans were liberating the camp, that Peter and his wife Dolly produced 2,500 copies of \u2018The Liberation Bulletin\u2019.\u201d \u00a0However, weakened by starvation, the task of winding the handle of the duplicator was hard work and they could manage only 50 turns of the handle each before resting at the window from which they watched the exchange of fire between a machine gun in the upper floor of the neighbouring Education Building and the tank parked just outside the window.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Spanning<em>\u00a0<\/em>a mere ten pages (and that counts the cover and the back page), the\u00a0<em>Bulletin\u00a0<\/em>nevertheless contained a wealth of information about STIC and its inmates, summarized as follows.<em>\u00a0<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  \u201cIt also included the number of deaths in the camp; the daily energy values of food supplied to internees from February to December 1944; weight of vegetables produced by the camp garden during 1944; the average adult weight loss; the number of sanitary facilities available in the camp; the number of internees by nationality per camp; the price of commodities in the camp on 31 December 1944; and a plan of the camp.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 [Hassall, n.p.]\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  To see the actual pages of\u00a0<em>The Liberation Bulletin\u00a0<\/em>itself, <a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/content\/articles\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">click on this link<\/a> or click on the individual page views below.\n<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9279\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9279\" data-attachment-id=\"9279\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9279#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 1\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 1&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 1&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 1\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-1-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9279\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 1<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9280\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9280\" data-attachment-id=\"9280\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9280#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages 2\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 2&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 2&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 2\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-2-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9280\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 2<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9281\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9281\" data-attachment-id=\"9281\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9281#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages 3\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 3&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 3&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 3\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-3-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9281\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 3<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9282\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9282\" data-attachment-id=\"9282\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9282#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 4&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 4&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 4\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-4-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9282\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 4<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9283\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9283\" data-attachment-id=\"9283\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9283#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages 5\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 5&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 5&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 5\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-5-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9283\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 5<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9284\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9284\" data-attachment-id=\"9284\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9284#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages 6\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 6&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 6&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 6\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-6-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9284\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 6<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9277\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9277\" data-attachment-id=\"9277\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9277#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-page 7\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 7&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 7&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 7\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-7-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9277\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 7<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9278\" style=\"width: 242px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9278\" data-attachment-id=\"9278\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9278#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?fit=1978%2C2560&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1978,2560\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-page 8\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 8&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Page 8&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C829&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8.jpg?resize=232%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"STIC Liberation Bulletin 1945 page 8\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?resize=791%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 791w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C994&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?resize=1187%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1187w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?resize=1583%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1583w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?w=1978&amp;ssl=1 1978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Liberation-Bulletin-STIC-1945-Peter-C-Richards-8pages-8-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9278\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Page 8<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n  This completes a brief survey of the Richards\u2019 magnum opus and how it was produced. \u00a0To further emphasize their incredible achievement, I hereby repeat what they did: by herculean effort, 2,500 copies of the\u00a0<em>Bulletin<\/em>\u00a0were printed, collated and ready for morning distribution scant hours after STIC \u2014 or at least most of it \u2014 had been liberated on the unforgettable night of 3 February 1945. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  I had hoped to be able to round out coverage of the Richards\u2019 years in STIC with an anecdote or two, gleaned from the likeliest \u2014 and perhaps the only \u2014 reliable sources of that kind of material. \u00a0Those sources are, of course, the three books that were cited earlier by the Big Three authors, Hartendorp, Stevens, and McCall. \u00a0It was not entirely unexpected that nothing relevant could be found in the Stevens and McCall volumes, but it was quite surprising to learn that Richards is not listed in the Index of Hartendorp\u2019s massive two-volume tome. \u00a0We move on, therefore to the post-Liberation period \u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. The post-WWII years<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  <div id=\"attachment_9251\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-05.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9251\" data-attachment-id=\"9251\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9251#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-05.jpg?fit=300%2C194&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,194\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-05\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;RMS Scythia&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;RMS Scythia&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-05.jpg?fit=300%2C194&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-05.jpg?fit=300%2C194&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-05.jpg?resize=300%2C194&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"RMS Scythia\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9251\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">RMS Scythia<\/p><\/div>After STIC was liberated in February 1945, more than two months later Richards and his wife began a lengthy journey to the U.K. \u00a0Along with over 200 other British citizens, they left Manila on April 10 on the\u00a0<em>S.S. Admiral Eberle,\u00a0<\/em>and arrived in San Pedro, California, on May 2 (the same day my parents and I arrived there on the\u00a0<em>S.S. John Lykes<\/em>)<em>.<\/em>\u00a0 They then traveled overland to Halifax, Nova Scotia, from where they departed on the<em>\u00a0R.M.S. Scythia<\/em>\u00a0on May 10, arriving in Liverpool on May 25. \u00a0In a\u00a0<em>Philippine Internment\u00a0<\/em>piece, Cliff Mills calculated the miles that their trip covered.\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Manila to California, 7,393 miles \/ 11,898 km<\/li>\n<li>California to Nova Scotia, 3,685 miles \/ 5,931 km<\/li>\n<li>Nova Scotia\u00a0to Liverpool, 2,722 miles \/ 4,380 km<\/li>\n<li><strong>Total: 13,800 miles \/ 22,209 km<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n  Taking little time off for recuperation, Richards then\u00a0joined the Reuters news agency in August of that same year, 1945. \u00a0 Eventually, and undoubtedly not at all by chance or coincidence, he was posted to Manila in 1947. \u00a0After five years he left Reuters and in 1952 became an independent journalist still based in Manila. \u00a0And, as might be expected, Richards, having been a long-time resident of the Philippines, engaged in other activities as well.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  \u00a0For instance, note the interesting case of a classified, lightly redacted 1953 CIA document, released for clearance in 1999. \u00a0It includes the notice of meeting, minutes of previous meeting, and membership of the Anti-Communist League of the Philippines. \u00a0Names of members included those of several well-known former STIC internees, such as Elsie M. Gaches, one of three vice-chairmen; attorney Ewald E. Selph; and Peter C. Richards, one of three member directors. \u00a0(I could find no other information online on this matter.) \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9242\" style=\"width: 188px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-02.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9242\" data-attachment-id=\"9242\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9242#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-02.jpg?fit=178%2C278&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"178,278\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-02\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;father of Dolores Opisso Richards&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;father of Dolores Opisso Richards&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-02.jpg?fit=178%2C278&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-02.jpg?fit=178%2C278&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-02.jpg?resize=160%2C250&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"father of Dolores Opisso Richards\" width=\"160\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9242\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">father of Dolores Opisso Richards<\/p><\/div>It seems that, by the end of the 1950s, Richards decided to retire. \u00a0There is no mention of that to be found, but the evidence is clear. \u00a0First of all, his post-1959 bio is entirely blank, despite the fact that it was created many years later, in 1982. \u00a0Second, it can be assumed that the Richards were financially secure; I do not know about his finances, but his wife\u2019s wealthy father had died in 1953, and she undoubtedly had inherited some of his wealth.\u00a0 And finally the clincher \u2014\u00a0Richards and his wife left Manila and traveled to London in 1959, then almost immediately embarked on several lengthy excursions, as if to celebrate his retirement. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  \u00a0The only accessible information on their trips is that Richards and his wife traveled extensively in Europe and in Central and South America during 1959-1960. \u00a0The only thing I could find about them in that period was a brief item reporting that Dolores Richards had obtained a visa while they were in Brazil in 1960. \u00a0Fortunately the story included her passport photo (the one shown earlier), or this account (just as in the case of her husband) would lack her photo. \u00a0In it she appeared much the same as I remembered her from STIC, when she had been 15 years younger than she was at the time of the photo. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Upon completing their travels, in 1960 or 1961 the Richards thereupon returned to Manila, not to the U.K. \u00a0At that point the trail grows cold; as noted, Richards&#8217; bio lists not a single thing after 1959. \u00a0The only post-1960\u00a0<em>direct\u00a0<\/em>mention of Richards that I could find was a statement in his Sherborne school&#8217;s publication that he had received the OBE (Order of the British Empire) in 1976, for his services to Anglo-Philippine relations. \u00a0By chance, however, I also happened to come across an\u00a0<em>indirect<\/em>\u00a0reference to Richards.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  That indirect reference revealed that Richards had engaged in an extensive and lengthy correspondence with a British historian who lived in Wales. \u00a0The latter was extremely interested in the Philippines and in fact had lived there for three years. \u00a0Richards had written him some 60 letters over a span of a dozen years \u2014 a remarkable average of five (snail-mail) letters per year. \u00a0The letters are located in the archived collected papers of a striking individual named Ifor Ball Powell. \u00a0Although Powell&#8217;s activities are extraneous to the Richards story, in my opinion they merit Sidebar coverage.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>SIDEBAR. \u00a0<\/strong>Ifor Ball Powell\u00a0was born in Wales in 1902, and died there at the end of December 1985 (thus the latter date often is cited as 1986). \u00a0The available online information provides no evidence as to whether or not\u00a0he and Richards had ever met; they could not have met in the Philippines, as Powell lived there long before Richards arrived. \u00a0In any event, they kept in close touch, as noted,\u00a0for many years, as detailed next.\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  In the Powell archive is a section titled \u201cCorrespondence with friends and colleagues\u201d section; and therein can be found \u201cLetters to Ifor Ball Powell from Peter Richards 3 Apr. 1973 to 12 Mar. 1985.\u201d \u00a0Those letters are further specified as being from \u201cPeter C. Richards. (Reuters News Bureau, Manila).\u201d \u00a0It was the mention of Richards that\u00a0led me to delve into  Powell and his Philippine connection. \u00a0The latter&#8217;s archive consists largely of Philippine-related material, collected over a period of 60 years (1926-1986). \u00a0The explanation for that intriguing fact starts with a brief account of his history.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Powell attended Aberystwyth University (to use its current name) in the early 1920s. \u00a0The university, Wales\u2019 first, was founded in 1872. \u00a0When Powell was there, he came under the influence of members of the newly-founded International Politics Department (which, incidentally, claims to be the first such department of study created anywhere). \u00a0After he graduated, he received a Rockefeller fellowship that took him to the University of Michigan to study U.S. history. \u00a0There he became interested in Asia in general and later in the Philippines in particular, where he arrived as a Rockefeller scholar in 1926. \u00a0Then, according to one source:\n<\/p>\n<p><ul>\n  He spent three years visiting islands in the central and southern Philippines, collecting a vast amount of information and material on the government, economy and history of the islands. He was particularly interested in the history of the British in the Philippines and collected material on British firms and society. After his return to Britain, and for the rest of his life, Ifor Powell continued his interest in and links with the Philippines, writing to many Filipino friends and colleagues and maintaining an extensive collection of press cuttings. \u00a0[Archive Hub, n.p.]\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Now here we come to the most interesting aspect of Powell\u2019s Philippine sojourn, at least as far as this account is concerned. \u00a0It requires a second detour \u2014 a \u201cmini-Sidebar,\u201d in effect \u2014 into one of the main reasons for the original detour into Powell. \u00a0His archive includes photographs he took on field trips in\u00a0Southeast and East Asia as well as in the Philippines. \u00a0By sheer chance \u2014 an incredible instance of serendipity \u2014 I happened\u00a0across what turned out to be a noteworthy photograph that Powell had taken in 1928.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  I found that photograph in a\u00a0<em>Facebook<\/em>\u00a0site \u2014 which, to further strain credulity, I had just recently joined unknowingly and accidentally (I must have clicked on the site). \u00a0The photo was (and is) in a site called \u201cMemories of Old Cebu.\u201d \u00a0A 2025 entry therein contains a photo that was taken by Powell in Cebu in 1928. \u00a0That photo is a crisp clear image of Col. Guy O. Fort of the American-controlled Philippine Constabulary. \u00a0Its significance stems from Fort&#8217;s relevance to the history of WWII. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9255\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9255\" data-attachment-id=\"9255\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9255#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?fit=512%2C804&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"512,804\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-06\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Col. Fort in Cebu, 1928&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Col. Fort in Cebu, 1928&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?fit=191%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?fit=512%2C804&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?resize=512%2C804&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Col. Fort in Cebu, 1928\" width=\"512\" height=\"804\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?w=512&amp;ssl=1 512w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-06.jpg?resize=191%2C300&amp;ssl=1 191w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9255\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Col. Fort in Cebu, 1928<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<td><div id=\"attachment_9256\" style=\"width: 290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9256\" data-attachment-id=\"9256\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9256#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?fit=280%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"280,420\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-07\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Same photo colorized&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Same photo colorized&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?fit=280%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?resize=280%2C420&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Same photo colorized\" width=\"280\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?w=280&amp;ssl=1 280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-07.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9256\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Same photo colorized<\/p><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n  Fort (1879-1942) had served in the U.S. cavalry in the Philippines during 1899-1902, and remained there after the war. \u00a0When WWII reached the islands, Fort was promoted to brigadier general, and later took his troops to Mindanao. \u00a0There \u201cthey fought longer than other army groups\u201d until Fort\u2019s superiors ordered him to surrender, which he did under protest and after enabling many of his Moro troops to become armed guerrillas. \u00a0[<em>Wikipedia<\/em>, n.p.]\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Fort then was taken to Manila, but later was returned to Mindanao to try to get a Moro rebellion to surrender. \u00a0When he refused to cooperate, he was executed by firing squad in November 1942.\u00a0\u00a0\u201cFort is the only American-born general officer [MM note: out of a total of 18 generals who were captured in the Philippines] to be executed by enemy forces.\u201d \u00a0[<em>Wikipedia<\/em>, n.p.]\u00a0 \u00a0(That ambiguous assertion does not specify whether it applies to all theaters of war or only to the Philippines.] \u00a0 \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9275\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9275\" data-attachment-id=\"9275\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?attachment_id=9275#main\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1707&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2560,1707\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 5D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1413542950&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;28&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00125&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Richards-graphic-13\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cardiff University, main building&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Cardiff University, main building&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?fit=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?fit=640%2C427&amp;ssl=1\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13.jpg?resize=300%2C200&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Cardiff University, main building\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=2048%2C1365&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?resize=450%2C300&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/philippineinternment.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Richards-graphic-13-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9275\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cardiff University, main building<\/p><\/div>We now return to our original detour to conclude briefly on Powell. \u00a0After returning from the Philippines to Wales, he devoted the rest of his life mainly to teaching history, except for a period during WWII when he was a temporary civil servant in the Labor Ministry. \u00a0At Cardiff University from the 1940s on he introduced new courses that helped make the History Department \u201cone of the first . . . in the UK to widen its syllabus to accommodate new areas of interest created by the Second World War.\u201d \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  As a final note on Powell, it should be pointed out that his collected papers are held at the School of Oriental and African Studies Library, Special Collections, University of London. \u00a0The collection is arranged in three parts \u2014 personal papers, Philippine-related material, and miscellaneous \u2014 of which\u00a0the 60 years worth of Philippine material is the largest part. [<em>Archive Hub<\/em>, n.p.; ellipsis added]\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  It is worth noting that, as in the case of Richards and his wife, photos of Powell apparently do not exist \u2014 at least not online.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  It is also appropriate to emphasize at this juncture that, in addition to Richards&#8217; letters in the Powell archives, there also is a Richards collection of archived material. \u00a0While it is not accessible online, it is otherwise open access. \u00a0The collection includes, among other items, preliminary draft memoirs; travel with and without his wife; accounts by and about his parents; and Richards\u2019 autobiography, written in 1982 but covering only until 1940. \u00a0The Richards\u00a0collection is housed in the Middle East Centre Archive, St. Antony\u2019s College, Oxford. \u00a0It is\u00a0virtually without restrictions as to how it is used.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n  As noted earlier, the Richards trail grows cold after 1960. \u00a0However, I can provide additional post-1960 information based on two personal sources \u2014 the Richards-Meadows families\u2019\u00a0friendship cited earlier, and my own direct contact with Richards. \u00a0Initially I knew that the Richards were still in Manila through my parents. \u00a0But later I also knew about that directly, thanks to the fact that\u00a0I taught at the U. of the Philippines (Quezon City campus) during 1964-1965 as a Fulbright professor.\u00a0\u00a0At that time I had the good fortune to encounter Richards on several occasions at the Army Navy Club. \u00a0In the course of those encounters, he gave every impression of being happily and comfortably retired, very well fed, and devoid of any cares. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Then in 1971, while returning to the U.S. from a conference in Australia, I stopped in Manila to visit my parents, who mentioned that Richards and his wife were still there. \u00a0And finally, years after my parents had returned to the U.S. in 1982, they told me that Richards had mailed to them two copies of a talk he had presented in Manila in February 1985, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Liberation Day. \u00a0But as usual, I failed to question them about the matter.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Fortunately, however, I found those two copies while going through my parents\u2019 papers in the 2000s, some years after they had passed on. \u00a0One copy is\u00a0an edited rough draft with inked corrections; and the other copy is the final draft, better called the finished product. \u00a0Why Richards mailed both copies to my parents is a mystery to me; I could (and did) speculate at length about his reasons, but the issue is trivial as well as irrelevant herein. \u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Covered next are both versions of the Richards talk in 1985. \u00a0Since only the finished product merits full attention, it is presented first and reproduced in full. \u00a0It is followed by the edited rough draft, which presumably would not be of general interest (except perhaps to grammarians and to the curious). \u00a0In any case, it is included primarily for the historical record, though only via PDF rather than in full. \u00a0As a bonus, Richards\u2019 signature (very lightly penciled in and barely legible) appears at the end of the rough draft.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  The finished product\u00a0is in pre-computer typewritten form. \u00a0It does not provide any new information, and it was not intended to do so. \u00a0And probably it might not have been able to do so anyway, given the effects of the passage of time on memory. \u00a0Richards&#8217; presentation is precisely what an anniversary account is supposed to do \u2014 namely, simply to present a very general (rather than a detailed) recounting to an audience most of whom probably know little or nothing of the subject. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  So, enough for the background of the talk, and on to the main event \u2014 Peter Richards\u2019 recollections of the events of 3 February 1945. \u00a0Some 40 years after STIC\u2019s liberation, Richards presented his overview of that momentous night on two occasions:\u00a0to the Makati Rotary Club at the Peninsula Hotel Ballroom on\u00a05 February\u00a0February\u00a01985, and to the Rotary Club of Manila at the Manila Hotel on 7\u00a0February 1985.\u00a0 \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>V. Peter Richards on STIC liberation\u00a0<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>A. The finished product<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>LIBERATION 1945<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  At Santo Tomas Internment Camp, we knew from the San Francisco Treasure Island Radio News that the American Forces were on their way to Manila and, also, that they had rescued the American military prisoners at Capas. We did not know how fast they were advancing nor what sort of resistance the Japanese were putting up.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  On the morning of Saturday 3rd\u00a0February 1945 it did not seem that there would be anything special about\u00a0this particular day. But, around noon, several fighter planes came straight down from the north. They flew\u00a0over our camp and close to the central tower of the University where, since 1942 the Japanese had been\u00a0concentrating enemy civilians. We could see the pilots waving.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Quickly, reports swept the camp that a pilot had dropped a message as he passed. Indeed he had. A pair of\u00a0goggles had landed in the east patio of the main building, telling us that rescue was near. The message was\u00a0reported to read \u201cRoll out the barrel. Santa Claus is coming on Sunday or Monday.\u201d (This was Saturday\u00a0noon). \u00a0[MM note: this is one of several versions of the message that can be found in other sources.] \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  As the afternoon came and, with it, dusk we heard a good deal more firing from light weapons than we had\u00a0heard before. We presumed that the guerrillas were getting more active. The firing became continuous\u00a0from the north and, also, we heard the sound of heavier tanks than the Japanese had ever operated within\u00a0our hearing. We simply concluded that they had brought up their front line equipment to get ready for the\u00a0assault on Manila.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  We were not expecting anything immediate, especially as the Japanese military detachment in the camp did not seem to be disturbed or alter any of its routines in spite of the noise of the firing, and of heavy vehicles continuing and increasing. There was a much heavier exchange of firing down towards or beyond the Far Eastern University.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  At about 9:00 p.m. the camp was quiet and most of the people had gone to their beds or whatever. Then there was the sound of heavy vehicles on Espa\u00f1a Street, followed by a commotion near the front gate. Suddenly a bright spotlight from near the gate flashed around and across the Main building. \u00a0The internees\u00a0remained as silent as mice and the Americans feared that the buildings had been evacuated.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Then a voice,\u00a0an American voice, on a loud hailer shouted, \u201cAre there any Americans here?\u201d Three thousand voices\u00a0shouted, \u201cYes.\u201d \u00a0Engines started up and a tank, jeeps and cannon rolled up towards the buildings. The name on the first tank\u00a0was \u201cBattling Basic\u201d. For a long time the internees went on singing \u201cGod Bless America\u201d and other patriotic\u00a0airs so loud that they could be heard by our families living a couple of miles away.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Meanwhile, those Japanese who had not been overwhelmed during the skirmish at the gate retreated into\u00a0the nearby building, known to us as the \u201cEducation Building\u201d where, at one end, they had their offices and\u00a0quarters on the Ground floor. This narrow building became the front part of the U.S.T. Hospital as we now\u00a0know it. \u00a0The Japanese moved up into the rest of the building and mingled with the several hundred male\u00a0internees who were housed there.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  The Americans, then, could not fire into the building. But one Japanese remained\u00a0near a window facing the Main building with an automatic weapon of sorts with which he\u00a0exchanged fire with a tank that was parked alongside that small office building situated between the\u00a0Education and Main buildings. Early the following day, before dawn, a truce was arranged and the Japanese groups were escorted out of the U.S.T. area and to the Japanese lines.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  So, as soon as the American soldiers arrived, my wife and I dashed down into the camp office to complete\u00a0our Gestetner work to put in the final date and other finishing touches to the pamphlet you have in your\u00a0hand [\u2018The Liberation Bulletin\u2019, 3 February 1945]. Our duplicator was in that little office building just out of the line of fire between the tank and the Japanese soldier. \u00a0We were very weak and turning that handle was\u00a0tiring work. We took it in turns to do the work and to rest \u2013 to look out the window and admire the pretty\u00a0machine gun bullets flying by. It never occurred to us that a small deviation on the aim of that soldier could have polished us off.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  Other things were going on in that little office. The Manila Press group, led by Dave Boguslav of the Manila\u00a0Times and Bessie Hackett of the Manila Daily Bulletin, had found Bill Dunn who had come back to Manila in\u00a0one of those jeeps. They had much to tell each other and Bill had his carton of \u201cK\u201d Rations which contained,\u00a0amongst other things, a tin of coffee. They couldn\u2019t wait. They broke up the chairs, started a fire in the\u00a0middle of the tiled floor and soon had a can of water boiling. My wife, Dolly and I enjoyed that coffee also,\u00a0when we had completed our work.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  The American military unit that stormed Santo Tomas was from the First Cavalry Division headed by General William Chase, which General MacArthur had sent to Manila to secure the Santo Tomas Civilian Camp, Bilibid (which held military prisoners), and Malaca\u00f1ang Palace, the symbolic seat of the Philippine Government. This group of tanks and jeeps had orders to stop for nothing, not to fight, just to make its objectives. They moved so fast that the Japanese only succeeded in blowing up the road bridges and culverts after the group had passed.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  MacArthur\u2019s order to the First Cavalry came after he had received intelligence reports from Manila that the\u00a0Japanese High Command intended to disband the camps of the civilian and military prisoners and take\u00a0them away from Manila. \u00a0For the 3,785 internees, the break-through represented the end of 37 months of confinement since the Japanese Army had marched into Manila on January 1, 1942. \u00a0It was marvellous!\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  The northern half of Manila\u00a0was soon secured right down to the Pasig River, whilst the retreated Japanese destroyed all the bridges and\u00a0held the South.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  We must not fail to remember that February 3rd\u00a0was also the start of a month of hell for the southern half\u00a0of the city, which was almost totally destroyed, and that some 90-100,000 persons, mostly civilians, were\u00a0killed in that battle.\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>[Note.<\/strong>\u00a0 For \u201coriginalists,\u201d here is a link to the original typescript:\n<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"https:\/\/oldshirburnian.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Liberation-1945-by-PC-Richards.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Liberation 1945<\/em> by P.C. Richards<\/a><\/center>\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>B. The edited rough draft<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\nIt should be emphasized that the rough draft was typed on extremely long sheets of paper, which made it difficult to scan them as neatly (and as easily) as is usually possible. \u00a0That is a trivial issue, however, since this version is not needed for its content, as noted. \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"\/content\/articles\/Liberation-1945-by-PC-Richards-rough-draft.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Link to P.C. Richards <em>Liberation 1945<\/em> rough draft<\/a><\/center><\/p>\n<p><strong>VI. Conclusion<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  It would be difficult to find a more fitting conclusion to this chronicle than the Liberation Day fortieth anniversary address by the creator of an invaluable contribution to STIC history.\u00a0 For essentially that address represents the culmination of The Peter Richards Story. \u00a0 It does so in at least two ways. \u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  For one thing, obviously the Richards presentation serves as a most appropriate\u00a0<em>chronological<\/em>\u00a0conclusion to this narrative\u00a0about the life and career of\u00a0a consequential member of the STIC community. \u00a0And second,\u00a0in effect it provides what is intended to be a\u00a0<em>conceptual<\/em>\u00a0framework for the understanding and appreciation of the Peter Richards creation \u2014\u00a0in both the intellectual and the physical senses \u2014 known as The\u00a0Liberation Bulletin.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>WORKS CITED<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n  [The following is an informal listing, and in no particular order; it includes both works actually used and those merely mentioned herein.]\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Peter C. Richards,\u00a0<em>The Liberation Bulletin\u00a0<\/em>(3 February 1945)<\/li>\n<li>Peter C. Richards,\u00a0\u201cLiberation 1945,\u201d 40th Anniversary Address (5 and 7 February 1985)<\/li>\n<li>Peter C. Richards,\u00a0\u201cLiberation 1945,\u201d 40th Anniversary Address, edited rough draft (n.d. )<\/li>\n<li>Peter C. Richards Collection (created 1982) \u00a0[held at the\u00a0\u201cMiddle East Centre Archive, St Antony\u2019s College, Oxford.\u201d]<\/li>\n<li>\u201cLetters to Ifor Ball Powell from Peter Richards 3 Apr. 1973 to 12 Mar. 1985\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201cThe Papers of Ifor Ball Powell,\u201d\u00a0<em>Archive Hub<\/em>\u00a0(n.d.).<\/li>\n<li>Rachel Hassall (school archivist), \u201cPeter Clifton Richards OBE (1909-1992),\u201d\u00a0<em>The Old Shirburnian Society Archives\u00a0<\/em>(n.d.)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cAnnual Report of the Treasurer of the Philippines\u201d for fiscal 1937 (Part II) \u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Diana A. Galang,\u00a0<em>\u201c<\/em>Internews: Newspaper of World\u00a0War II Internees at the Santo\u00a0Tomas Internment Camp,\u201d \u00a0<em>National Memory Project\u00a0<\/em>(30 September 2025)<\/li>\n<li>Elizabeth L. Enriquez, \u201cCoping with War: KGST Radio and Other Media Strategies of Civilian Internees in the Philippines in World War II,\u201d\u00a0<em>Social Science Diliman\u00a0<\/em>(December 2010)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cMemories of Old Cebu,\u201d\u00a0<em>Facebook<\/em>\u00a0(9 April 2025)<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guy_Fort\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Guy Fort<\/a>,\u201d\u00a0<em>Wikipedia<\/em>\u00a0(n.d.)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cAnti-Communist League of the Philippines\u201d (7 July 1953) [CIA document released 10 September 1999]\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\u201cDescription and price of the Liberation Bulletin,\u201d AbeBooks notice (November 2025, April 2026)<\/li>\n<li>A. V. H. Hartendorp,\u00a0<em>The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines,\u00a0<\/em>two volumes (1967); abridged version \u00a0 published as\u00a0<em>The Santo Tomas Story\u00a0<\/em>(1964)<\/li>\n<li>James E. McCall,\u00a0<em>Santo Tomas Internment Camp: STIC in Verse and Reverse \u2014 STIC-Toons and\u00a0STIC-tistics<\/em>\u00a0(1945)<\/li>\n<li>Frederic H. Stevens,\u00a0<em>Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 1942-1945<\/em>\u00a0(1946)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Listing of articles by Prof. Martin Meadows (arranged mainly by date of posting):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=9179\"><em>Memorable Manila Mensches<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?page_id=181\">Limerick: <em>80 years since Liberation Day<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=8466\"><em>The Ubiquity of Iniquity or STIC&#8217;s Lasting Impact<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cpow.org\/newsletter\/\">Book Review: <em>Waiting for America: A Civilian Prisoner of Japan in the Philippines<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=8004\"><em>My Three Years in a Quandary and How They Passed (in STIC)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=7929\"><em>The Smothers Family\u2019s link to Philippines<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=7806\"><em>A WWII Manila Prison Camp\u2019s Maestro of Mirth<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=7266\"><em>A Spooky STIC Short Story<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=6979\"><em>WWII STIC Icon Helps Solve a Mystery<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=6924\"><em>Tennis Great\u2019s link to the Philippines<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=6880\"><em>The Bar Mitzvah of a WWII Axis Internee <\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?page_id=6694\"><em>The Contrasting Cases of American and Japanese-American World War II Internees<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?page_id=6502\"><em>STIC Signature Songs (and Sources)<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?page_id=6352\"><em>Encounters with STIC Guards<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?page_id=6495\"><em>Santo Tom\u00e1s Liberation<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=6294\"><em>A Post-Internment Wrestling Chronicle<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=4272\"><em>Impressions of an Itinerant Internee: My Varied Lodgings in STIC<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=2136\"><em>A Little-Known STIC Episode<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=3786\"><em>The STIC Tissue Issue<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/?p=3965\"><em>The STIC Tissue Issue, Part II: The Women\u2019s Perspective<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. Introduction During World War II (WWII), thousands of American and Allied nation civilians endured more than three years of imprisonment (1942-1945) by the Japanese Empire in Manila\u2019s Santo Tomas Internment Camp (STIC), among others. \u00a0Many former internees \u2014 and others as well \u2014 have produced numerous works about their experiences. \u00a0Using conventional terminology, those [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[3,6,7,39,11],"tags":[],"post_folder":[],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p49RCb-2pU","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9294"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9313,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9294\/revisions\/9313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9294"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9294"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9294"},{"taxonomy":"post_folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/philippineinternment.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpost_folder&post=9294"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}